Are Homosexuals the only sexual abusers of boys Essay

I don't concur with the possibility that lone gay people explicitly misuse young men. This is a legend that has been imparted in individuals thus individuals grow up with the idea that male youngsters must be manhandled by gay people. Sexual maltreatment in young men has gotten normal in spite of the fact that much of the time it is unreported, under-rewarded or under-perceived. There is little information concerning sexual maltreatment in young men which can be credited to the couple of studies which are conveyed here. Despite the fact that it isn't sure about the specific number of young men who are in danger of being explicitly manhandled, it is evaluated that one in each 6 young men is probably going to be a survivor of sexual maltreatment by the age of 16 years (Gartner, 2005). As indicated by research, most male sexual abusers are probably going to be guys who are near the person in question however are not identified with the person in question. These culprits as a rule divert out the maltreatment from their victim’s homes, do it more than once and regularly include an infiltration. Be that as it may, here and there, the culprits can be female. It is said that there are higher odds of young men being manhandled by female culprits when contrasted with young ladies. At the point when female culprits are included, they will in general convince them instead of utilizing power rather than the male culprits who regularly use power. Consequently, one can't preclude the chance of female culprits mishandling male youngsters on the grounds that these cases do exist (Michele, 1993). As indicated by Spiegel (2003), individuals will in general look downward on gay as the main male sexual abusers in light of the manner in which they are raised by the general public. Most social orders accept that all gay people must have intercourse with young men and for the most part little young men. Subsequently, kids are made to fear gay people since they are viewed as youngster sexual abusers. Thinking about this socially molded circumstance, it is hard to change the assessment of the individuals about sexual maltreatment in male youngsters. Henceforth, it is significant for the general public to begin taking a gander at the issue from various perspectives, for example, female can likewise explicitly manhandle little fellows. Lion's share of these casualties don't go to the spotlight. In many cases, young men are explicitly manhandled by ladies in child rearing jobs like moms, aunties and grandmas. This sort of misuse as a rule goes unreported as a result of the bond and eminence that exist between them. Such maltreatment can likewise happen when a child is given the job of spouse. The child is typically caused to feel adjusted to the mother and becomes defensive with the end goal that he continually needs to think about and satisfy his mom. The mother may place the youngster in a defensive position which in the long run leaves the kid feeling incapable and insufficient. In view of the security from the father’s misuse, the maltreatment from the mother may appear to be less undermining contrasted with the father’s. In spite of that, this sort of misuse at last has huge mental impacts to the kid (Dorais and Meyer, 2002). As indicated by an investigation that was done by Dr. William C. Holmes about sexual maltreatment in little young men, it delighted that in spite of the fact that larger part of male sexual abusers are male, very nearly 90 %, there is likewise countless female abusers with youthful sitters representing practically a large portion of the number of inhabitants in female culprits. It is along these lines significant for appropriate measures to be set up to guarantee that young men are shielded from sexual maltreatment from both male and female culprits since they are both associated with the maltreatment.

Pretend you dont see her Essay Example For Students

Imagine you dont see her Essay Mary Higgins Clark has conveyed to perusers the fifteenth of her top rated suspensers. In thestarring job this time is Lacey Farrell, a major wheel realtor. Lacey sells extravagance condominiums inNew York City and becomes companions with one of her customers, Isabelle Landi. Their conversationsare based on Isabelles little girl, who kicked the bucket a few years prior in a fender bender; however,the mother is appallingly upset since she doesn't accept that it was a mishap. She isconvinced that the appropriate response lies in a diary that her little girl kept until she kicked the bucket. Because of hercuriosity, Isabelle is killed in her girls loft similarly as Lacey enters the front entryway. Assessment This epic was very elegantly composed and made them wonder who was behind the killings until the end. Mary Higgins Clark was truly adept at keeping this novel intriguing consistently so I needed to continue understanding it. The territories that I will assess are advancement of character, the improvement of anticipation, and the end. The character, Sandy Savarano, was exceptionally perplexing and was depicted well. The starting when he depicted the expected purchaser, Curtis Caldwell, was exceptionally smart. He was not the slightest bit suspected to be a danger or hurtful in any capacity. He at that point ended up being a very notable contract killer. Mary Higgins Clark made this character extremely keen and made it so he could discover any person or thing he needed to. At that point, later in this novel he filled the role of an older man who should be Alices father. He got a ton of data about Lacy from clueless companions and colleagues. By and large, this character was one of my top picks since he was truly intriguing and you werent sure what he would do straightaway. The anticipation advancement was finished. In a few unique minutes the anticipation continued for a few pages before something really occurred. For instance, in the section where Lacy went to converse with Mrs. Hoffman and Sandy was in her home. Clark put such a significant number of illustrative words in her composing that you could really envision what was happening. She went from the women hearing the means squeak, at that point ?they saw through the wooden rails in the steps his one all around finished shoe.? ? Lacys fragile and trembling hand got a handle on a paperweight the size of a baseball. She stood up, swung her arm back, and, as the professional killer she knew as Curtis Caldwell came into full view, tossed the paperweight with all the quality she could summon, at his chest.? He fell on the floor and dropped his firearm and the police came in to capture him before he cou ld execute the ladies. This occasion was only one of the numerous thrilling minutes in this novel. The finish of this story was unforeseen. I had no clue about that Steve Abbott, a confided in partner of Jimmy Landis, was answerable for the entirety of the killings and the loathsome experience that Lacy Farrell experienced. He was referenced all through the novel as a decent agent, a representative that everybody needed, and an alluring man that was never associated with any wrong-doing. This was a generally excellent decision to a very elegantly composed novel. Generally speaking, this novel was exceptionally intriguing and erratic. It had the entirety of the significant components to make a story incredible, murder, secret, tragedy, sentiment, and anticipation.

Ethics and Business Management

Morals in HR Management Creates Excellence for Stakeholders HR the executives is one of the most significant procedures that influence the advancement of the organization. This is the place morals start as representatives are presented to the qualities and standards acknowledged in the organization just as in the business world (Weiss 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Ethics and Business Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, the moral conduct of workers is helpful for all partners included. Morals in the work environment makes a positive air where representatives regard and bolster one another. On the off chance that an organization has a lot of explicit moral standards to follow, representatives will in general act as indicated by those principles. There is additionally clearness in activities as moral standards assist representatives with picking the correct examples for every circumstance (Weiss 2008). The company ’s customers profit by moral HR the board arrangements as they acquire qualified administrations. Customers additionally trust the organization and have a sense of safety, which is significant in business. Adherence to moral standards likewise guarantees the company’s wellbeing as there can be no lawful activity against an organization that follows moral standards. Organizations, where workers follow moral shows, can help out one another as there are sure clearness and assurance in their exercises. Accordingly, it is conceivable to take note of that morals in HR emphatically influences companies’ improvement. Morals Is Useful in Business Adherence to moral standards is significant for business as it furnishes the business world with a specific sort of set of principles. Morals depicts personal conduct standards in an assortment of circumstances. Thus,the company’s activities to any circumstance can be effectively anticipated and surveyed if the organizati on follows moral standards. Leading in a moral manner enables the organization to make a positive picture which will draw in clients. Truly, individuals will in general location organizations that have a positive picture, for example on the off chance that organizations direct as per major moral norms.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the good picture will likewise draw in financial specialists, which is significant for any organization. The organization that clings to significant principles can without much of a stretch get speculation as financial specialists can undoubtedly foresee the manner in which the organization will work in either condition. At long last, adherence to moral standards enables the organization to make legitimate associations. Morals can turn into a widespread administrative framework which will forestall different instances of misconception (Weiss 2008). Organizations following moral standards move a comparable way as they have comparable qualities. In this manner, it can likewise assist organizations with keeping away from legitimate activities as moral lead maintains a strategic distance from unlawful tasks. A Specific Role in Times of Economic Crisis It has been recognized that the emergency of 2008 was brought about by underestimation of dangers which was an aftereffect of unscrupulous conduct of organizations that gave misshaped information (Peck 2012). A few organizations didn't follow moral standards as they gave unchecked or even wrong information to experts who arrived at wrong resolutions. The emergency turned into a case of what can happen when organizations are run without adherence to moral standards. Besides, it is conceivable to guarantee that morals can help in the time of emergency. Individuals can turn out to be progressively insightful of ways they use. Individuals have encountered the results of dishonest conduct and they have taken in the exercise. Presently organizations attempt to utilize just made sure about information just as give just checked data to different partners. This makes organizations solid and they create ideal pictures. Obviously, organizations don't just give more consideration to the unwavering quality of the data gave however they follow other moral standards as plainly disrupting guidelines can prompt grievous outcomes in the globalized world. This, in its turn, pulls in customers and investors.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Ethics and Business Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, consistence with moral standards in the time of emergency can enable a business to create and stay serious in the contemporary business world. Straightforwardness as a Compulsory and Unavoidably Rule in Human Resources HR supervisors are â€Å"on the front line† as they help directors to enlist experts (Weiss 2008, p.60). Straightforwardness ought to be a fundamental belief of HR administrators as they ought to comprehend their job in the organization, for example they select individuals to work in explicit zones. Different chiefs ought to have total data on the newcomers to comprehend what errands ought to be given. The newcomers ought to likewise have the fundamental information to have the option to fit the organization and complete the assignments given. At last, HR arrangements ought to be founded on standards of straightforwardness as workers should make a bound together group where every individual from the group confides in different individuals. Absence of data can prompt misconstruing and even threatening vibe which will contrarily influence the general execution of the division and the organization. In any case, it can likewise adversely influence the organization. For example, straightforwardness of compensations or rewards can prompt an unfortunate environmen t where a few workers begrudge others. Straightforwardness can be additionally destructive in the time of cutting labor as unfortunate rivalry will contrarily influence each employee’s efficiency. Representatives can begin concentrating on their pay rates and rewards and their pictures as opposed to on legitimate fruition of errands and improvement of the organization. Acknowledgment Recognition is a lot of ways planned for acknowledging employees’ commitment and greatness that had various positive effects for the organization or can possibly prompt such effects.Advertising Searching for paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reference List Peck, S 2012, Investment morals, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Weiss, JW 2008, Business morals: a partner and issues the executives approach, South-Western College Pub, Mason, OH. This article on Ethics and Business Management was composed and put together by client Justus Rowland to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

The Ins and Outs of High and Low

The Ins and Outs of High and Low The Ins and Outs of â€Å"High† and â€Å"Low† The Ins and Outs of â€Å"High† and â€Å"Low† By Mark Nichol High and low are such flexible terms that few hundred compound words utilize either and one colloquial modifier comprises of both: â€Å"high and low,† an equivalent word for â€Å"everywhere.† (â€Å"I’ve searched high and low for my new shoes.†) They as a rule start things out in mixes (â€Å"high chair,† â€Å"low blow†), however now and then they trail another word (â€Å"contact high,† â€Å"record low†). The compound can be open (â€Å"high jump,† â€Å"low bid†), hyphenated (high-evaluating, low-disapproved), or shut (feature, swamp). A compound can contrast in firm contingent upon the grammatical form (wretched as an equivalent word for disgusting; lowdown as another importance for â€Å"inside information†). High or low can be a piece of a compound strict (â€Å"high heels,† â€Å"low score†) or metaphorical (â€Å"high horse, relaxed). Now and again, a nonstandard spelling is adequate. For instance, a high cap is a couple of cymbals confronting each other on a shaft that a drummer conflicts along with a foot pedal; it’s likewise spelled hello there cap. What's more, hello there fi is a slang truncation of â€Å"high fidelity†; by expansion, lo-fi alludes to the contrary outrageous of sound quality. â€Å"High tech,† short for â€Å"high technology,† is once in a while spelled greetings tech, and the antonym might be adjusted as needs be (lo-tech). Seize, the action word alluding to laying hold of or taking from a plane or a ground vehicle (it can likewise be a thing), has a substitute spelling of highjack, yet that’s uncommon. Then again, hijinks is the variation of â€Å"high jinks,† an equivalent of jokes. Highfalutin is an uncommon example of a word with a cut completion reminiscent of a drawl, thought about a customary structure in spite of its casual appearance. This equivalent for self important is even now and again spelled hifalutin. Check the word reference when utilizing phrases including high or low to affirm or address your theories not just about whether the favored spelling is the full word or the short structure yet in addition whether they’re part of an open, hyphenated, or shut compound. Hyphenation, particularly, can be precarious: High-and-relentless, for instance, is a descriptive word that is hyphenated much after a thing or a pronoun (â€Å"He’s been all grandiose since his promotion†), and â€Å"low earth orbit† has no hyphen, despite the fact that low and earth (which, also, isn't promoted in this use) adjust circle. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Challenges Facing Multinational Organizations Transferring Knowledge Between Subsidiaries Management Essay

Difficulties Facing Multinational Organizations Transferring Knowledge Between Subsidiaries Management Essay Worldwide associations (MNCs) have introduced in scholarly discussion since the globalization and strengthened transnational rivalry has prompted the presentation of an assortment of new hierarchical practices. As the associations grow all inclusive, their hierarchical structures and conduct will in general become progressively increasingly mind boggling. Particularly for MNCs, despite the fact that the consideration of cost the board may no longer straightforwardly influence organization execution, the procedures of MNCs include other administrative aptitudes, for example, an enthusiasm for creating hierarchical structures and profoundly performing representatives (Jacoby 2005; Dobbin 2005). Besides, those organizations that contend in the worldwide commercial center regularly face a few sorts of serious weights, cost decreases and nearby responsiveness, clashing requests on the MNCs. Making worldwide procedures ought to underscore how the MNC can increase upper hands through market proficient so as to accomplish its objective. Those points of interest may originate from utilizing assets enrichments, economies of scale, data and correspondence advancements (ICT), allotment of assets, preparing and taking in programs from HR the executives, and profitable limit (Malnight 1996). By accomplishing those points of interest MNC can authoritatively well of their adaptability by adjusting their asset setup and how they structures and oversees in worldwide market (Bartlett Porter 1986; Prahalad Myerson 1982). The subsequent factor is multiculturalism. It alludes to the degree of flexibly and request factors those differing social foundations and directions the business exercises so as to accomplish upper hands and profitable productivity.

Pie

Pie Well, March 15th was an experience, wasnt it? I know what youre thinking, youre thinking You have no idea what I had to go through! I was sweating, feverish, started growing tumors, lost my ability to speak, and almost died for the three weeks leading up to decisions. March 15th was HORRIBLE! You probably just lounged around and laughed at all of us! While I always enjoy a good laugh, March 15th was definitely not a laughing day for me. I spent from 9 AM to 2 PM in various chat rooms, blogs, forums, and Facebook groups, watching the entire process play out. Ive been chatting with you all officially since January but unofficially since August. You all arent just names and random comments, youre people who I wanted to come to MIT. I was just as interested in seeing who got in as anybody else was. I was thrilled for Aditi, Omar, Star (aka Tamara), Isshak and Tanmay. I gasped when I found out that De Petagma Saru and Sh1fty hadnt gotten in and spent quite a while fairly upset. Thousands of applicants whittled down by 90%, a new class decided, and now all sorts of changes are about to start happening. As much as it will hurt, people who wont be attending MIT will stop reading these blogs and get ready for life elsewhere, people who were accepted will read these blogs knowing that theyll actually get to experience these types of adventures in less than a year, and now its time to start getting ready for the class of 2013. Ive created some pie charts that are my best guesses for MIT Blog Demographics. This is what I think the blogs looked like before decisions came out. and this is what I think they will look like now and over the next few months As you can see, a totally new audience will be frequenting these blogs, expecting a different type of entry and wanting to know more and more about what they should expect when attending MIT (Yes, thats right, you will be attending MIT next year prefrosh! Get ready for a wild ride!). As such, Its time for me to shift my writing a bit. Youll notice fewer and fewer completely random and strange posts and more and more posts that will be immediately relevant and useful for new MIT students. No worries, there will still be humor, bitterness, spontaneity, and a ridiculous rate of entry posting (Im still trying to blog every other day, which is becoming breakneck). Remember, Im a freshman, I JUST went through everything you guys are going through right now, these entries will be totally relevant. Future topics for discussion that may or may not appear in entries of mine include but arent limited to: 1) CPW 2) The MIT ID Card 3) The Z-Center 4) What exactly is the Student Center? 5) Will Annas kill me? 6) Is MIT a tourist attraction? 7) How far away are dorms from various spots on campus? 8) Tunnels? What tunnels? 9) How can I possibly make money while at MIT? 10) Seriously, be honest. How hard is it really? (twss) 11) What computer should I buy? 12) I dont know Linux. Am I screwed? 13) Help! Im not smart and MIT is going to chew up my soul, spit it out, grind it into the dirt, and then laugh as I ooze into a storm drain! 14) What is this hacking thing? Is it a club? Can I join? 15) Roommates are scary. Waaaaaaaaa! 16) Your mom. (seriously, an entry about your mom) As you can see, Im getting excited to start blogging! Please, if you have any other entries you suggest that I write just let me know. I may not have the experience necessary, but theres bound to be a blogger that does. Ill do my best! Im now going to start studying for a test that I have on Wednesday. Final Words: To those who wont be attending MIT next year: It sucks, Im sorry. Now its your job to take every single advantage from whever you go (even if its CalTech, we wont hold it against you :p) (enjoy that jab while you can, I will probably get an e-mail within the next half hour asking me to remove it). You guys arent stupid, you applied to MIT, go prove it to everybody. To those who will be attending MIT: Congratulations again, the hard part is over (for now). The next several months, right up through most of September, are essentially a giant party that you get to be the guest of honor at. Soak it in, rarely will MIT be as free, awesome, and food-filled, all just for you. To those applying for the class of 2013: Youre in the right place. Do you want to know if youll really fit in here? Read these blogs, its the best way to find out. Youre in for a good time! Ill see you guys in April at CPW, come to Meet the Bloggers Friday night, its sure to be the hottest spot on campus!

Boeing 787 The Supply Chains Configuration And Management - 825 Words

Boeing 787: The Supply Chain's Configuration And Management (Research Paper Sample) Content: Boeing 787 Supply ChainNameInstitutionProfessorDateBoeing 787 Supply ChainIn the year 2003, Boeing decided to develop the Boeing 787 Dreamliner as a competitive strategy to create value, therefore, raise the companys revenue. To accomplish this, Boeing utilized an unconventional supply chain configuration that was meant to reduce the overall cost of production and significantly cut down on developmental time. The management team integrated several business processes into the development of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to improve the customers experience and create value for them. One method of producing value utilized was improving the comfort for passengers while traveling by using composite materials in the development of the Dreamliner. Another approach to creating value was to improve the flight efficiency of the plane which would cut down costs for airlines and save passengers time (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). These strategies were meant to increase the companys revenu e while reducing total development cost.Boeing 787 Supply Chain ConfigurationThe supply chain configuration is networks of supply that has been configured to establish entire patters. Therefore the supply chain configuration configures the type of the pattern the chain will take and it will also determine the arrangements of the processes required to make the supply network.To reduce development cost and time, Boeing decided to utilize an unconventional, supply chain configuration. First, the company outsourced seventy percent of its production. It also developed strategic, tiered, partnerships with their suppliers. Suppliers were also required to develop sections of the Dreamliner. The company also needed suppliers to sign risk-sharing contracts. Finally, the company would take three days to assemble the sections completed by suppliers. The purpose of this configuration was to ensure the companys competitive strategy. The strategy would allow them to reduce cost, increase quality, reduce delivery time, ensure that production and development of products was flexible and promote innovation in production.The first supply chain configuration that was established by the company was the outsourcing of seventy percent of the Dreamliners development. Outsourcing more of the Dreamliner's development and production would allow the company to cut down on development time because it would utilize the suppliers capabilities to produce different sections of the plane simultaneously (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). The company would also reduce the cost of development because they would be leveraging their suppliers expertise in the production of the components, instead of relying on hiring skilled labor.Another supply chain configuration used was the use of strategic, tiered partnerships with their suppliers. These partnerships were meant to reduce the companies supply base which would allow the company to focus its resources on working on the assembly of the plane instead of focu sing on procurement of production material and subassembly of the basic components required (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). The company would also reduce development costs because it would have spread its operations across different countries.The company also required their suppliers to produce and develop sections of the plane in their supply chain. This requirement allowed the company to decentralize its process for the manufacturing of the aircraft because they could now outsource developmental procedures that were not critical (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). This strategy would ensure that the company would reduce its capital investment for the Dreamliner. It would also drastically cut down on time required to assemble the plane to three days. This would lead to an increase in the companys capacity to develop more planes without increasing the overall cost of production.Boeing 787 Supply Chain ManagementTo ensure that the supply chain functioned as intended and added value to customers, the c ompany made sure to incorporate several business processes into its supply chain management. The first process used in the management of the supply chain was the use of a web-based technology that would ensure coordination between all suppliers and the company. This tool would ensure that the supply chain would be more visible to management and increase their control of the supply chain (Tang Zimmerman, 2009). Another business process integrated into the supply chain management was the restructuring of...

Essay about Medication versus Alternative Therapy in ADHD

Medication versus Alternative therapy in ADHD When dealing with adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD may become a challenge for many parents. Knowing the facts about this disorder and how to treat the problem is the key to a healthy lifestyle for adolescents as well as families. Many therapies and medications are available to families with children with ADHD but many questions that parents have with their children with ADHD is which therapy is best and what would work best with their children and their quality of life. The question of which therapy, alternative versus medication therapy would improve adolescent’s quality of life and behavior modification. One of the biggest concerns when dealing with ADHD is the†¦show more content†¦Research is continually being conducted everyday with this common disorder. Many parents main concerns is the use of medication to treat their child. Many doctors nowadays show the parents the current research of studies being done and their effectiveness as well as providing papers for families for their willingness to participate in ongoing studies to better help understand their childs disorder and the best way to treat it ( Gà ¶rtz-dorten, Breuer, Hautmann, Rothenberger, Dà ¶pfner, 2011). One study conducted set an expected outcome for the results that they were wanting. This study also was available for other parents and families concerned with medication therapy for their child/adolescent and what medications actually worked. Many parents and teachers that helped with this study found satisfaction in medication therapy for the child/ adolescent taking the medication which in turn showed results of the child/ adolescents increase response to the medication ( Gà ¶rtz-dorten et al., 2011). Although medication therapy is one of the main choices for the diagnosis of ADHD, many parents do not wish to use medication therapy on their children. Recently more studies are being conducted on other ways to treat this order. Alternative or complementary therapy are starting to beginShow MoreRelatedBasic Treatment and Information on Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder: A Guide for EC and non-EC teachers1452 Words   |  6 PagesAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a behavior disability that affects children from 6-12 years of age and continues to show symptoms later in their adult life. Even though large amounts of the population are affected by ADHD, it is still unknown as to what the exact cause of ADHD. Depending on what type of diagnostic is used, there are anywhere from 1-2% to 6-7% of children around the world that have ADHD. Even though the exact cause of ADHD is not known, there are many people thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Mental Illness1683 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesthis would be a misdiagnosis prescribing medication for ADHD will not work if the child’s inattention is caused by anxiety versus ADHD. This will cause a physician or clinician to have to start the examination process on the child all over again. This paper will discuss the disease, the diagnoses of the disease, various treatment options, and finally it will discuss the different controversys around ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioural disorder thatRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )976 Words   |  4 PagesAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) cases presently existing among school age children, the implementation of novel and contemporary classroom techniques has generated academic success with those affected by the disorder. Such scholastic victory in the education of children results in positive behavior as well as an increase in productivity within classroom environments as a whole. Although a few voices question the alternative approaches in accommodating ADHD affected students, the strategiesRead MoreEffects Of Adhd On Children And Adolescents With Adhd1543 Words   |  7 PagesADHD Treatment ADHD is not a curable condition but it is treatable, and treatment can begin at any age. The use of medication is the most common form of treatment. Stimulants are the best-known treatments and have been used for over 50 years (KidsHealth, n.d.). Non-stimulants and antidepressants are good alternatives to the use of stimulants. Research has shown medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapyRead MoreAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed2400 Words   |  10 PagesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed neuro-developmental disorder [1] The percentage of children between the ages of 4 and 17 years, diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has consistently risen from 7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007. As of 2011 11.0% (6.4 million) have been diagnosed with ADHD. When comparing 2003 to 2011 data thi s indicates that the proportion of children having a history of (ADHD) increased by 42% in less than a decadeRead MoreHow Parents Are Coping With An Adolescent Behaving1238 Words   |  5 PagesYork Times. The participants in this study were children between the ages of seven and seventeen who were diagnosed with a generalized or separation disorder, social phobia, substantial impairment, or an IQ of 80 or more. Also persons diagnosed with ADHD, OCD, ODD, CD, or PTSD were eligible to participate but only if they had a lesser severity. The ethnicities of the participants varied among different groups as the study recruited people at multiple centers and locations across the country, such asRead MoreSymptoms and Treatment of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1872 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Childhood ADHD Childhood ADHD I was trying to daydream, but my mind kept wandering. ~Steven Wright Im sorry, I wasnt paying attention to what I was thinking. Shelley Curtiss Man, I love my ADHD. It always reminds me how much I dont remember. Frank Coppola The 21st century brings upon a new era in most areas of life, including education and health care. What used to be a little known and obtuse disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is now more well knownRead MoreThe Effects Of The Negative Effects On Weight Therapy1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe mainstay of therapy includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy to reduce BE behavior, however, implementation has not been widespread and some patients fail to respond. Pharmacotherapies such as antidepressants and antiepileptics have shown some efficacy to reduce the frequency of BE, however, failed to have effects on weight loss and are associated with high rates of discontinuation.1 Other options that are being investigated are agents such as dextroamphetaminesRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )3147 Words   |  13 PagesDisorder (ADHD) has been a diagnosis that has become controversial over the past few decades, bu t even more alarming is the treatment used to control this disorder and the possible lifelong effects this medication might have on them as adults. There is some school of thought that kids who are prescribed ADHD medications as children could have substance abuse issues later in life as they have an additional risk of addiction linked to the disorder, not to the treatment. The stimulant medication utilizedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Essay2644 Words   |  11 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Works Cited Not Included Descriptions of ADHD symptoms have been stable since the mid-19th century. Even as early as 1863, the publics view of the disorder started to emerge in a poem by a German physicist which depicted Fidgety Phils classic signs of ADHD (6). In 1902, experts classified children suffering form ADHD as mentally retarded, socially inept or even emotionally disturbed. It wasn?t until the 1940?s that experts classified it as a neurological

Music And Its Effect On Music - 1490 Words

Music Itself Does Not Distract You Music is prevalent, so that it is extremely easy to find a place or situation with music played on. Not only does people enjoy music when they dance or sing, throw parties, but also they enjoy music when they drive, study or work. In other words, people live with music and music is an everyday thing. They, contrarily, think that the pieces of music are distractors when they need to concentrate on their works. This is why, especially, most of parents and teachers do not allow their children and students to listen to music while they study. In addition, many employers consider that their employees are not doing work when they are putting earphones on and listening to music. In fact, the music is not an absolute distractor and music itself does not disturb concentration of people but other factors do. The correlation between music and concentration does not apply to all kinds of music, however it depends on what genre of music people listen to while working or studying. In short, not all genres of music distract people from their works. According to the research written by Peter Tze, the result of cognitive works, for example reading, is affected by the genres of music the subjects of the experiment listen to. The hip hop music destroys the attention of people much more easily than the light classical music does. His study has the result that the participants of the experiment, requiring reading with music, with hip hop music have receivedShow MoreRelatedMusic And Effect Of Music1322 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigating state anxiety of college students who listened to music prior to an exam, and his findings suggests a significant reduction in state anxiety levels of these students (as cited in Davis and Thaut,1989). This study however focuses on the use of preferred music rather than pre-chosen music, which indicates that the music could have been from any genre. This is contrary to other studies which found that sedative background music specifically is what tended to reduce state anxiety (Davis andRead MoreMusic And Its Effects On Music1871 Words   |  8 Pagesworking, cleaning, showering, exercising, dancing among many other things while listening to music. Music can be calming. Music can be uplifting. Music is universal. Music is a commonly discussed topic. But it is mainly discussed whether or not it is appropriate to use in an educational environment. Music is seen as a distraction. Some see it as an efficient medium to appease the mind. It is theorized that music creates out of the box ideas to life and improve critical thinking. Albert Einstein onceRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1500 Words   |  6 Pagesago it would’ve been unrealistic for artists to believe they could survive in the music industry without a record de al. Thankfully, that has changed and it’s now easier than ever to create and distribute music without a major record label. But there still isn’t a free-for-all market where the music maker can be as free as they want, and maybe not as easy as it should be to reach out to an audience. The fact that music often is received differently in our society depending on the genre, is somethingRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Music Education1002 Words   |  5 Pageschildren wanting to play outside instead of practice violin music is proven to make you smarter. When a child particularly at a young age learns how to play an instrument preferably in a social setting is provides the brain of that child with extra dopamine, new neurological connections, better behavior, and higher test scores. Schools are turning to new programs to aid music education and there are many reasons to support their decision. Music has been proven over many studies to show a connection toRead MoreThe Effect Of Music On Music726 Words   |  3 Pagesto need to make a choice on the music. You can either hire a band to play live at your event, or employ a DJ to MC the festivities. Here are [] benefits explaining why you should consider using a DJ to spin your wedding tunes. Convenience Factor Setting up a live band and their sound system is a complex ordeal. There is usually some type of stage assembly, plus you’re going to need to fill the time gaps when a band needs a break. When you elect to have live music for your wedding reception, youRead MoreThe Effects Of Reggae Music On The Music1216 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many people who do not know about reggae music. I was one of those people who did not know the existence of the reggae music until I met this one beautiful girl. Julie, my beloved beautiful future wife, introduced me the reggae music. My first thought of this music was boring. After a while the more time I spent with her made me fall in love with the reggae music too. The love of the music gave me the curiosity of the music and why reggae music helped me with to relax and gave comfort as I listenRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Essay1988 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the years, music has inspired people. Music touches our heart, m akes us cry, makes us laugh, and heals relationships-even love someone. It encourages us to move-we can march, dance, tap our foot, snap our fingers and sway back and forth. Music fills our minds with memories that can bring a smile or drive us into a deep sadness. Patriotism is displayed when people come together because of a piece of music. Brotherhoods united when the school fight school is played. It creates a bondRead MoreThe Effects Of Classical Music On Music931 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is defined as â€Å"good† or â€Å"real† music? How does an individual come to define that? Many would say that classical music is â€Å"real† music since it is the basis of music that is created today and it has lasted through time. It is still heard today, one of the first types of music to last. Others may strongly disagree; even though it has stood the test of time what actually makes this the sole definition of â€Å"good† music? It doesn’t, there really is not a true universal definition. There are multipleRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1496 Words   |  6 PagesBefore sound recording were possible, music was enjoyed live by watching the performers performing on their instruments in front of you. When sound recording became possible, the way we enjoy music was not limited to watching the performers anymore. By looking at the development of sound reproduction and the devices that are capable of sound playback, we are able to take a look at look on how the production and consumption of music have been affected over the years in terms of portability, affordabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Music Throughout History1587 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology: The Effects on Music throughout History Music and technology aid one another. In a way a person can capture music they love through technology and then the electronic companies flourish due to the sale and popularity of these electronic devices. If a person wants to listen to music they can turn on a stereo or TV, choose a CD or DVD to play, or listen to a songs downloaded in ITunes. All of these devices are proof to show how technology is used to record, play, and change the way music is heard

Religious Speech And Symbolism Should Be Permissible On...

It’s crazy how individuals vote against God, the almighty father, the one who created us, the one who sustains us and the one who allowed us to wake up each day. They are fighting against our first Amendment Law. Many claim that by praying, we are forcing religion on students, but that’s not the case. Many parents that are religious will never understand why our kids are not participating in prayer activities in our public schools. Let’s stop overlooking our First Amendment Law as individuals. The First Amendment Law clearly states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to†¦show more content†¦No one is looking at the benefits, most people are just stuck on the negative impacted. Forcing any student to pray is totally wrong. Each student should be given the right to freedom of religi on. No teacher would ever force a child, who chooses not to pray. Parents want to keep their kids safe, but having them choose will make life much easier. The Supreme Court has held that student expressive activity—including prayer—cannot be impeded by the public school unless the activity creates a material and substantial disruption to the school s ability to fulfill its educational goals. Any attempt to restrict such speech is unconstitutional where there has been no finding and no showing that engaging [in the activity] would materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school.† (Restricting Religious Expression in Schools Is Unconstitutional.) If we take a moment and reminisce on the positives of involving praying in our schools, you will notice the following benefits; it invites God into our daily activities, it can enhance good grades, reminds our kids how to act, and it promotes peace among our pairs. The scripture states we should put God first in everything that we do. Prayer humbles the heart in so many ways. In order to comprehend, you need to have a relationship with him. Before, I migrated to the United States, We

A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare - 919 Words

Relationships are what controls everything in a person’s life. There is even a psychological stage in human development where the average human’s biggest problem is creating relationships. This simple fact of life has been found all throughout media, history, and even daily life. It has been seen especially in plays throughout the world. In â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† by William Shakespeare a marriage between Theseus and Hippolyta is being planned and ends up coinciding with the deadline for Hermia to marry Demetrius, a man she doesn’t love. The marriage has been set up by her father, but she truly loves another man. This other man is Lysander. While Hermia is being fought over, Helena confesses her love of Demetrius although it isn’t reciprocated. And while all of these relationships are being played out and followed, the king and queen of the fairies are having a large fight. This entire play is truly controlled by these different rela tionships. The main relationship that controls the plot is between King Oberon and Queen Titania of the fairies. Their fight is what truly propels the rest of the story on. Queen Titania took this small, Indian boy that they both want, and King Oberon wants him. She refuses and he decides that he wants to have some revenge. He orders Robin Goodfellow, one of his pucks, to find a flower which juice, if sprinkled on a sleeping person’s eyes, will cause them to fall in love with the next person they see. He intends to do this to Titania toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1339 Words   |  6 PagesHonors For A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare 1. Title of the book - The title of the book is called A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare. 2. Author s name - The author of the book A Midsummer Night s Dream is William Shakespeare. 3. The year the piece was written - A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare was believed to have been written between 1590-1596. 4. Major Characters - There are three major characters in the book A Midsummer Night s Dream by WilliamRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1882 Words   |  8 PagesWritten during the Elizabethan era where gender roles played an important part in society and relationships, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare portrays the interaction between both sexes, and the women’s response to the expectation of such norms. Although the characters: Hippolyta, Hermia, Helena, and Titania, are portrayed as objects (both sexual and material) contingent upon their male lovers, they are also given empowerment. During the Elizabethan Era, and present throughout MNDRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1548 Words   |  7 Pagesspoken by Helena in Act 1 Scene 1 line 234, explains that it matters not what the eyes see but what the mind thinks it sees. In the play, A Midsummer Night s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where the act of seeing is being portrayed. The definition of vision is the ability to see, something you imagine or something you dream. This proves that even though one has the ability to see; the mind tends to interfere and sometimes presents a different picture. VariousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream867 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically how they will benefit that other person, you’re in love.† In A Midsummer Night s Dream, William Shakespeare intertwined each individual characters. Through the concept of true love and presented to the audiences a twisted yet romantic love story. The love stories of Renaissance are richly colorful, so Shakespeare used multiple literary techniques to present to the readers a vivid image of true love. Shakespeare applied metaphor in the lines of Lysander. In Act 1, scene 1, Lysander saysRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream990 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Symbols help to play an important part in giving a deeper meaning to a story. William Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream and by using these symbols he offers some insight onto why certain events take place in the play. Symbols are sometimes hard to decipher but as the reader continues to read the symbol’s meaning might become more clear. Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1397 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s comedies, like those of most Renaissance playwrights, involve love and its obstacles. Much of the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream derives from the attempt of Lysander and Hermia to remain together while overcoming the adult authority figure who attempts to hinder the love of a young couple. The overcoming of an obstacle functions as a common motif in Renaissance comedy. The audience must wonder, however, whether Lysander and Hermia, as well as Demetrius and Helena, actually loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream has been categorized as a comedy play because of all the characters being passionately in love to the point of being foolish. It’s a play all about love, and the characters that are in love are only young adults, so they are still naive when it comes to love. Their naivety and foolishness regarding love is what allows them to be taken advantage of by mischievous fairies when they all run away into the woods. By critiquing the love affairs and numerousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1277 Words   |  6 Pagestogether. Nor will love ever be a controllable compulsion. Maybe we are fools for going into the perilous, eccentric universe of love; yet what fun would life be without it? William Shakespeare s play A Midsummer Night s Dream investigates the unconventional, unreasonable and unpredictable nature of love during his time. Shakespeare conveys this through the main plot of the play, which is composed of the relationships between three couples. The three couples show examples of three different types ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1442 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare is estimated to have lived from 1564 to about 1616. He is often recognized as great English poet, actor, and playwright, and paved the way for many on all of those categories. Over that span he wrote many pieces that are still relevant today such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. I would like to take a deeper look into one on his pieces â€Å"A Midsummers Night’s Dream.† This piece is estimated to have first been preformed in about 1595 and then later published in 1600. Many

Notes Experimental Psych Overview Free Essays

Sociology Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy Anthropology Psychology Others Outer circle (CO) : Art Music Literature Language Solvable and unsolvable Problems Solvable problem- one which poses a question that can be answered with the use of normal capacities (answers questions under the inner and outer circle) Unsolvable problem – raises a question that is unanswerable. This concerns supernatural phenomena (falling under Metaphysical disciplines) Science is Empirical (Observable) Solvable problems are susceptible to empirical solution by studying observable vents Science Defined 1 . Sciences apply the scientific method to solvable problems 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes Experimental Psych Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dullness’s In the CO don’t use the SMS but their problems are typically solvable 3. The dullness’s outside the circles neither use the SMS nor pose solvable problems C] Science is the application of the SMS to solvable problems. Psychology as a Science Psychology Is Materialistic, Objective and Deterministic If psychology Is ever to become a science, It must follow the example of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, objective. -Watson Materialism (Same as Physicality) – observable responses, physical events Objectivity – the principle of intersecting reliability Intersecting- two or more people share the same experiences Determinism- the assumption that there is lawfulness Experimentation is the most powerful research method 0 Psychology became a science by applying the SMS to solvable problems. Psychological experimentation is an application of the SMS Stating the Problem and Hypothesis Testing the Hypothesis 1. Select participants 2. Randomly assign to groups 3. Randomly assign groups to condition/treatment . Experimental group given a novel treatment b. Control group given normal treatment 4. Define the IV 5. Define the DVD 6. Control relevant EVE 7. Conduct statistical tests 8. Generalize and explain the hypothesis 9. Predict new situations Terms 1 . Replication – an additional experiment is conducted but with the same process 2. Stimuli – aspects of the external environment 3. Response – aspects of behavior 4. S-R Laws – if a certain environmental characteristics is changed, behavior of a certain type also changes 5. Variable – anything that can change in amount 6. Independent variable – manipulated, treatment, investigation 7. Dependent variable – measure of any change in behavior 8. Continuous variable – capable of changing by any amount 9. Discontinuous variable – assume only numerical values that differ by clearly defined steps without intermittent values possible 10. Hypothesis -tentative solution to problem Functions of Apparatus 1. To administer experimental treatment 2. To collect data 3. To reduce experimenter influences 4. To analyze data specifically Conducting Statistical Tests Chance difference Reliable difference Real 0 statistically reliable Accidental 0 due only to chance Significant 0 reliable (Preferable) Confirmed 0 probably true Discontinued 0 probably false it can be measured. J. B. Watson – If psychology is ever to become a science, it must follow the example of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, and objective. Chapter 2 – The Problem Problem Scientific inquiry starts when we have already collected some knowledge but there is something we still do not know Ways Problem is Manifested 1 . When there is a noticeable gap in the results of investigations Students conducting thesis are reading related literature so their storehouse of information is filled with new knowledge 2. When the results of several inquiries disagrees The results are contradicting 3. When a fact exists in the form of unexplained information When a new theory explains a fact, it also explains other phenomena, because theories are general that it can explain many facts Defining a Solvable Problem 1. The proposed solution is Testable 2. The proposed solution is Relevant to the problem A. What is a testable hypothesis? A. If it is possible to determine that it is either true or false B. Knowledge is expressed in the form of propositions a. The requirement that knowledge can occur only in the form of a statement is critical for the process of testability. C. Degree of Probability Instead of True or False Kinds of Possibilities 1 . Presently attainable – the possibility is within our power at the present time 2. Potentially attainable – possibilities that may come within the powers of people at some future time Classes of Testability 1 . Presently testable – related with Presently attainable 2. Potentially testable – related to Potentially attainable Working Principle for the Experimenter . Applying the criterion of Testability a. Do all the variables contained in the hypothesis actually refer to empirically observable events? B. Is the hypothesis formulated in such a way that it is possible to relate it to empirically observable events and render a decision on its degree of probability? Term: determine the degree of probability for them. Unsolvable Problems The Unstructured Problem Inadequately defined terms and the operational definition Solution Through Operational Definitions Operational definitions – one that indicates that a certain phenomenon exists, and sees so by specifying precisely how the phenomenon is measured Operations – adequate definitions of the variables with which a science deals are a prerequisite to advancement. Initiated by P. W. Abridgment in 1972 Impossibility of Collecting Relevant Data Vicious circularity renders problems unsolvable Additional considerations Problems should be technologically or theoretically important Problems of the impasse variety should be avoided unless creative solutions are possible Psychological reactions to problems- we should emphasize a truth criterion and not dismiss a discovery only because it is disturbing How to cite Notes Experimental Psych Overview, Papers

Computer Sciece Traditional Scenario free essay sample

This does not have to be within the 25 hours recommended time. ; You will need to complete and sign a Candidate Record Form which your teacher will provide. Information You will also be marked on your use of English. It Is Important to: ; ; ; ; ; make sure that all your work is legible use correct spelling, punctuation and grammar use a style of writing which suits the person you are writing for organize your information clearly, so that you make yourself understood use Computer Science terms where they are needed. 2 Scenario 4: Flash Card Quiz Flash cards are a well-known tool for learning and revision.They normally consist of a piece of card with a keyword on one side and the definition of the keynoted on the other side, for example: Keyword Cellulose Definition Tough substance that makes up the cell walls of green plants A teacher wants her students to use a computerized version of a flash card quiz to help them remember Key Stage 3 Biology definitions. The program should display a series of keywords to a student and ask them to choose the correct definition for each keyword. The quiz is completed once a student has matched each keyword with its function twice.An external file containing the keywords and definitions to be used in the quiz will be provided by your teacher. Tasks 1) Develop the part of the program that loads the keywords and definitions from the external file your teacher has given you. 2) Develop the part of the program that displays a randomly chosen keyword and three possible definitions (all taken from the data you have been given). The three definitions must include the correct one and two other randomly chosen definitions. The three definitions shown to the student must be different from each other. Develop the part of the program that will allow the student to choose one of the definitions. A. If they choose the correct definition a success message is displayed. B. If they choose an incorrect definition, they are told they are wrong and are shown the correct definition. 4) Develop the program so that tasks 2 and 3 are repeated continuously until the student has correctly matched every keyword with its definition exactly twice. A. Once the keyword has been correctly matched with its definition twice, it should not be displayed again. B. The three definitions should be displayed in a random order each time.This is to make sure that the correct definition is not easily identified by its position. 5) Extend the program so that when the student has identified all keywords correctly twice the following information is displayed. A. The total number of incorrect attempts at matching keywords with their definitions. B. The total time, displayed in minutes and seconds, it took for the student to complete the quiz. C. The student should be given the option to either start the quiz again or exit the program. Scenario 4 3 Keywords and definitions to be used in the Flash Card Quiz Keyword CelluloseRespiration Hemoglobin Ventilation Cartilage Cytoplasm Nucleus Alveoli Amino acids Virus White blood cells Photosynthesis Stomata Vaccine Fiber Definition Tough substance that makes up the cell walls of green plants A chemical reaction that causes energy to be released from glucose A substance which Joins to oxygen and carries it round the body in the blood Breathing Tough, smooth substance covering the ends of bones to protect them Jelly-like part of a cell where chemical reactions proteins are digested The smallest type of microbe Can engulf bacteria or make antibodies The process of turning carbon dioxide, water and light into glucose and oxygen Small holes in the underside of a leaf Dead or inactive fo rms of a microorganism A nutrient that cannot be digested Turn over for information on organizing your portfolio Turn over 4 In addition 1 . Your Portfolio Remember that you are looking to provide an application that will meet the needs of the Biology teacher.You are free to use whatever software tools and techniques are available to you. What your teacher will be looking for and how to provide that evidence for your Portfolio In preparing you for this unit of work, your teacher will have provided you with more information about the section headings below. Part 1 Design of solution Design of solution (0-9 marks available) What you must do ; ; Show an understanding of what the problem involves with reference to the users needs. Produce an overview plan that shows how the problem is to be solved. Produce pseudo code (or suitable alternative) showing the main blocks within the proposed solution.Part 2 Solution development Solution development (0-9 marks available) What you must do ; Show evidence of an understanding of how the final solution meets the needs of the user. Produce annotated code that demonstrates an understanding of the programming techniques used. Part 3 Programming techniques used Programming techniques used (0-36 marks) What you must do ; ; Show an understanding of the programming techniques used and how the different parts of the solution work together. Explain/Justify the choice of programming techniques used to create a solution that has been coded efficiently. Show evidence for the purpose and use of data structures.Show the techniques used (appropriate to the language used) within the code to make the solution robust. Part 4 Testing and evaluation Testing and evaluation (0-9 marks available) What you must do ; ; Produce a test plan hat shows the expected tests, test data and expected results. Show that the planned tests have been carried out and provide a record of the actions taken. Evaluate how the final solution meets the needs of the user. 5 2. Organizing your Portfolio of work Your Portfolio is where you keep the evidence that you have produced. You should imagine that the Portfolio is to be used by another person who is interested in how you produced your solution.

Rapid Advances in Information and Communication Technology

Question: Describe about the Rapid advances in Information and Communication Technology. Answer: Research background The development of applications including e-learning, e-government, e-commerce and e-health has been facilitated with the rapid advancement of information and communication technology. The initiation of e-government was in early 1990s and at that time, the ICT technologies were used for improving the public organizations activities. The United Nations approved the establishment of the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) in 2001. It influenced the establishment of comprehensive, sustainable and forward looking national strategies as an integral part of national development plans and poverty reduction strategies including the sector and ICT strategies (ITU, 2010b). It has been reported that within 161 countries in ITU, 84% countries already have ICT strategies, thus meeting the WSIS target of national ICT strategies (ITU, 2010b). For public sectors, the e-government innovation has become the key focus and the national and local government throughout the world is trying to enhanc e awareness of ICT usage for increasing the efficiency of accessing information and for the provision of electronic public services. E-government is becoming the most investigated ICT applications in recent future and it is attracting major focus of research and development (Pudjianto and Hangjung, 2009). In the previous literatures, the benefits offered by e-government to the business, citizen as well as government has been highlighted. In addition, many researchers have been attempting to investigate the e-government application adoption along with its implementation strategies in public organizations. This is because e-government promises to reduce paper work, to provide governmental services and corruption alleviation (Ndou, 2004). Within the mixed research related to e-government, one key domain is dealing with goals and value setting which should be achieved by implementing e-government applications and initiatives including accountability, efficiency, transparency, democratic responsiveness and free access to information (Ndou, 2004). In this context, Riley (2001) claimed that in general, the values of e-government tools are limited, but after applying the specific goals and objectives, the values of e-government applications enhances. Another domain deals with the factors which are promoting or interfering with the e-government tools adoption (Nour et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2007). These factors and their effects upon the implementation of e-government is explained by the use of some models combining these factors, thereby helping the organizations, local and national government to understand the adoption processes. Therefore, this research is justified for analyzing the adoption processes which is a criti cal issue in developing countries. Previous literature revealed that the successful completion of e-government has not been reported in developing countries. The failure of 60-80% government projects has been reported for not achieving desired goals (Heeks, 2003; UN, 2008a). Researchers reported that some crucial aspects should be taken into account during the initiatives of e-government projects; these include political, cultural, economic and technological infrastructure related conditions. The argument was that, the values which are being adopted should match the settings where the e-government is carried out. It has been also revealed that failure happens due to the incompatibility within the targeted values, goals and the context of implementation. An insufficient settings-based framework was established for improved adoption of e-government and for recognizing the crucial issues and factors influencing adoption process, in a developing country. In this research, Libya is the focused context where the government has undertaken the initiative of ICT strategy implementation in 1990s. ICT is an extremely efficient tool for improving the efficiency of the government services. The actual achievements commenced through the establishment of the modern digitalized national telecommunication network. In 2004, the National Information Centre (NIC) had been established by the government in 2004 as the formal body for coordinating e-government in Libya. In 2001, the formulation of the national Strategy for ICT was its foundation. As the e-government has recently come into sight in developing countries including Libya, there are many remaining issues. Characterizing these issues is necessary for overwhelming these in-built challenges. Statement of the Problem In spite of the wide recognition of e-government in public sector, there are a number of issues remaining in the adoption and diffusion procedures. There are two main sources from where the research problems are identified: For developing the research background of e-government, analyzing the issues faced by the developed countries and characterizing the literature gap is important. The initial study would be carried out in Libya. In this context, interviews with key executives for understanding the influence from the country in adopting e-government would be conducted. Additionally, the interfering issues and the influencing factors for adoption process would also be discussed. The key findings from previous literatures along with the primary data collected from the study would highlight different issues which would help to identify the issues discussed below: The e-government is not only a technological project, rather is a process of reengineering that can affect business, economy, organization, human and politics. Thus, the change would include the basic factors including political, cultural and social factors. These factors Inspite of having wider impact upon developing countries such as the African and Arabic countries, gained least attention in strategic agenda settings. In Libya, it has been reported that these factors play a major role in guiding the decision making processes and shaping peoples lifestyle. Thus, through effective efforts and making right choices and actions, better adoption of this process can be achieved. According to Heeks and Bailur (2007), there were fewer studies related to the success and failure of e-government in Africa. Therefore, initially, the broader literature related to failure or success of ICT projects in developed countries can be analyzed through different models. The issue related to the use of previously existing models in the current context of developing countries is that these models might not be suitable for developing countries as the requirements of developing countries may be different in a different context. Thus, a crucial requirement of development of a conceptual framework is there which can map out and increase the transparency of specific requirements of developing countries. Research Aim The aim of this research is to establish a framework for adoption of e-government for identifying the crucial factors that affects the e-government adoption in Libya. It would give a direction to the policy makers for making the right decision for e-government adoption in Libyas public sectors. Research Questions What critical success factors (CSFs) help in implementing e-government initiative in Libya? How these identified Critical Success factors can be useful in formulating comprehensive structure of e-government in Libya state? Research Scope The research would investigate the adoption of e-government in Libyas public sectors. However, the research focus would be government-to-government domain instead of government to citizen domain. Research Objectives To achieve the expected goal of the research, the following research objectives would be investigated: To form the state of art in e-government along with the characterization of the e-government concepts through different perspectives. To recognize the barriers, challenges and scopes for hindering or supporting e-government adoption in Arabic and African countries. To investigate the models and framework that would be used for e-government adoption in the context of developing countries. To characterize the critical success factors promoting e-government adoption in Libyas public sector. To establish an adoption framework for e-government that would direct the policy makers to use effective decision making processes through the use of initiative from Libyas public organization. Significance of the Research The research study is conducted for investigating the adoption of e-government applications in developed countries. As the developing countries have been shown to have low level of diffusion and adoption, this research is important for politicians, researchers, policy and decision makers and professionals. The study findings would be guiding the policy makers to take correct decisions at both organizational and national levels for improving the environments and to make the public sector suitable for sustaining the change process. Through the following points the research significance can be analyzed: 1.7.1 Add to research in contextual factors Most of the previous literatures related to e-government application has been focused upon the technical factors including assessment surveys and training programs (Chowdhury et al., 2006; Edington and Shin, 2006; AL-Shehry et al., 2006; Esteves and Joseph, 2008). Thus, this research is providing a holistic view through the consideration of contextual issues in both non-technical and technical terms contributing in the adoption of e-government. 1.7.2 Add to research in Africa and the Arab World Governments in Africa and Arabian countries are implementing the digital knowledge. Nevertheless, the research related to e-government is relatively low. More investigation, assessment and improvement are needed for sustaining the adoption of e-government in these countries. 1.7.3 Add to research in Libya This research study would raise the necessity of adopting e-government in Libya as a crucial aspect for professionals and academics. In Libya, e-government is at a preliminary stage, as there is very little research done on it. This research would help to characterize the challenges and opportunities for adaptation of the process of change. In addition, the finding and analysis of the research would give significant information and guidance for correct decision making regarding e-government adoption on Libya. 1.7.4 Contextualize in the trends in Libya Libya has become the fastest growing state in Africa after the recent development of telecommunication and related economic growth along with the initiation of oil production in 1990s. Libyas government allowed new legislation and investments which depicts that the country is growing towards liberalization, structural change and privatization. This investment is promoting the country to be associated with global network. Contribution to knowledge The current research would involve significant knowledge and practice related to the e-government in Arabian and African countries by reflecting on organizational, technical and environmental factors. The assessment of previous literature related to e-government throughout the world has revealed that understanding both the promoters as well as the hindrance to the adoption of e-government in Libya is quite difficult. This current study is highlighting an e-government adoption framework to assist Libya and other developing countries having similar context to make appropriate decisions to enhance the effectiveness of e-government plan implementation. Therefore, in conclusion, the research is significant enough and has new things to be identified in this domain along with knowledge contribution in: Identifying critical success factors for adopting e-government in Libyas public sectors. Establishing an e-government adoption framework suitable for developing countries and public sectors.

Biosphere Lab Report Sample

Biosphere Lab Report Paper The purpose of building this was to measure survivability and to obtain useful research that could be helpful in furthering ecological understanding. There were two missions in which Biospheres were sealed inside to accomplish these goals. However, after the second mission it became a place solely for scientific research, not about human survival. For our biospheres, we obtained a number of different components, all of which served a specific purpose. We first took a glass container, glass because it does not allow the escape of air like plastic containers can. The soil that lined the bottom of the biosphere was helpful to the survival of our biosphere. It also creates a solid bottom for our other animals to use to their advantage, as well as the survival of our plants. After the soil and lake water was settled, we placed a number of rocks at the bottom of our biosphere. Next we filled our glass containers with lake water. This allowed our shrimp or snails a place to rest, provide calcium carbonate and serve as a nice decoration! After this we placed in our plant, which would use photosynthesis as a means to use up the OIC carbon dioxide given off by our living organisms and provide them with oxygen to breathe and function. After the water cleared and settled we put in a droppers full of incorporation to provide us with other helpful and necessary microscopic organisms. The first large animals we placed in was a snail, who would eat the algae that builds up in the jar and keep it clean for the other organisms living within it, while providing themselves with food. We will write a custom essay sample on Biosphere Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biosphere Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biosphere Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally we placed a tiny shrimp that also cleans and eats away algae that grows. This is how we created our biospheres. For the rest of the semesters, they remained closed and under consistent lights in a biology lab room. They stayed under fluorescent light because that provides close enough to sunlight without raising the temperature of the water, which sunlight can do. It is also more consistent. We did observations once a week during our lab period and wrote a short paragraph that described what was going on with our biospheres. My biosphere started out strongly. Everything was living and looking healthy. At first it was very difficult to see change from week to week because everything mimed to remain the same. However, the further it got into the semester, the more clear it was when things went wrong and when things happened that were not supposed to. In the beginning my entire biosphere looked healthy and as if each organism was doing their job. My plant stayed healthy for most of the project, right up until the last few weeks of observation. The same happened with my snail although towards the end of the week it became lethargic in its movement. Unfortunately my shrimp didnt live even a week. Throughout the reject, during different weeks, I would find other small organisms swimming around in the water. By the end of the project however, everything seemed mostly dead. I learned a lot from this project, especially about how the reuse of waste and recycle of byproducts that aids the biosphere in being independently functional. I also learned how to make close observations of the environment and learn what things should look like. It was interesting and exciting to have my own creation to watch develop and change. The last thing learned is that everything doesnt always go according to plan in science, it moves in different and unexpected ways, which makes it so much fun to observe. Alexandra Kane Biosphere Log Date Temperature Comments FIRST READING: Water Temp: 19. 20 C. PH: 6. 82 Dissolved Oxygen: 9. 40 MGM/L Conductivity: 292. 2 02-11-14 Room temp unavailing First day sealing up the jar allowing water to settle and what not still quite cloudy from the soil. 02-14-14 25. 60 c Wow I can finally see inside my biosphere! Water is clear with little particles floating around. Plants are rooted. No thermometers found maneuvered. Cant find my shrimp but know he is in there. My snail moved and it was great. So my snail is confirmed to be alive. Plants are green, soil has almost completely settled. 2-18-14 25. 20 c Plants are still green and seem to be holding well in the soil. Soil seems to be settled. My rocks look cool in the soil now. Water is really clear. I found my shrimp! He is alive! Snail hasnt moved much. 2-25-14 25. 40 c It might be my eyes but it looks like the biospheres water keeps getting clearer and clearer. Everything seems to very settled. My shrimp isnt moving too much.

Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff

Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff The ancient Chinese film titled Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war. The film’s concepts were borrowed from the battle of red cliffs and occurrences, which took place during the final stages of Han Dynasty. In addition, the film was produced just before the emancipation of the famous Chinese three kingdoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film symbolizes the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life such as the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. This paper endeavors to analyze how the film Red Cliff displays the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life, most importantly, the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. An Overview of Battle of Red Cliffs The battle of red cliffs marked the end of the Han Dynasty. A great warrior known as Cao Cao led his group from the South and fought with his rivals who were led by Liu Cong. As a result, Liu Cong gave up Jing Province (McCurry 5). This was a significant achievement for Cao Cao. After Cao Cao had captured Jing Province, other rivals united to oppose him. Lu Su and Lie Bei combined and formed a strong force that fought Cao Cao’s men at Red Cliffs (Elley 6). The battle between Cao Cao’s warlords and the combined force consisting of Su and Bei’s supporters is known as the battle of red cliffs. The combined force rattled Cao Cao’s men forcing them to retreat. Consequently, Cao Cao conceded defeat. As a result, Cao Cao flew to the North. This boosted the strength of Su and Bei’s territories. Cao Cao decided to consolidate his power in the North. Later, another ruler known as Sun fought Cao Cao and captured Jing Province. After the death of Cao Cao, Lu declared him self as the king of Han Dynasty. However, the remnants of the Han Dynasty engaged in various fights until the dynasty collapsed completely. The collapse of the Dynasty paved way for the emergence of the three kingdoms (McCurry 5). An Overview of the Three Kingdoms The three Kingdoms is a Chinese historical era, which was mainly characterized by disunity. It occurred immediately after the collapse of Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is considered as a significant historical event that has shaped Chinese political and cultural aspects. During the Han Dynasty era, China was divided into various regions, which served as administrative posts (Tang 7). In addition, the country had a number of autonomous kingdoms. During the Han Dynasty, China realized economic prosperity. The country was divided into three regional markets. They included the Northwest, the North and the Sichuan. In addition, the routes connecting the three markets were manmade, and they were controlled by the government. The government had immense power and it controlled many affairs. When the Han Dynasty collapsed, the three kingdoms emerged.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This period is regarded as the bloodiest in the Country’s history. It was marred with violence as each kingdom fought for supremacy (Tang 7). However, during the three kingdoms period, the county realized numerous technological advancements (Elley 8). The three kingdoms finally collapsed following disagreements between leaders of the rival kingdoms. Many individuals who lived during this period have become legends. The film titled Red Cliff mirrors the events of the battle of red cliff. A critical Analysis The first Chinese model explaining the relationship between an individual and the state was documented by Zhang Taiyan (UCP, 2004). Zhang engineered the nationalism concept. Individuals are supposed to put thei r nation first (UCP 3). This concept is reflected in the film Red Cliff. In the Film, which is a reflection of the battle of red cliffs, which occurred many centuries ago, each leader puts the country’s interest first. In the film, there are several rival territories each competing for sovereignty as was the case in the battle of red cliffs. For example, the character who mimics Cao Coa aims at solidifying his region’s economic and military prowess. Thus, he fights his rival, Liu Cong in order to capture Jing province. Jing province was an economic and agricultural centre and any leader wanted to control this province. In the film, Red Cliff, the character who is portrayed as Coa Coa shows nationalism by fighting in order to secure a key economic territory for his kingdom. Likewise, the other leaders like Lu Su and Lie Bei fought for the benefit of their territories. At that time, each territory was seen as an independent state, so each leader strived to protect his te rritory. The approach used by Lu Su and Lie Bei in which they formed an allied force to oppose Coa Coa’s rivalry, is also highlighted in the film on Red Cliff. This is another sign of the Chinese interpretation of nationalism. The two leaders, Lu Su and Lie Bei, represent true nationalism by joining forces to conquer the enemy. According to Zhan’s interpretation of nationalism, individuals are supposed to cooperate during hard times (UCP 3). In addition, the Chinese interpretation with regard to the relationship between man and nature is best explained ecologically. On top of that, the relationship between man and nature is also linked to the Chinese concept of Confucianism. Thus, the respect for humanity is paramount. Since man relies on nature, Chinese believed that nature has to be guarded against harm. This concept is also portrayed in the film Red Cliff. The rival parties did not interfere with nature. Chinese believe that nature and man are friends and their frie ndship should not be compromised. Chinese believed that there â€Å"is a need to awe the mandate of heaven and the benevolent regarding anything under heaven and on earth as an integral unity† (Meng 1). Chinese tradition with regard to nature has received global fame. The Chinese culture sees man as an integral part of nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the Chinese tradition, taking life as the essence of benevolence enlivens not only the human consciousness of life, but also an ecology oriented consciousness† (Meng 1). These aspects are portrayed in the film of Red Cliffs. Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war between rival territories. However, even in the midst of a tough battle, nature is guarded. This is a clear interpretation of the Chinese view with regard to the r elationship between man and nature. Conclusion This paper has noted that the concepts of the film Red Cliff were borrowed from battle of red cliffs and occurrences, which took place during the final stages of Han Dynasty. The film symbolizes the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life such as the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. The battle of the Red Cliff marked the end of the Han Dynasty. A great warrior known as Cao Cao led his group from the south and fought with his rivals who were led by Liu Cong. As a result, Liu Cong gave up Jing Province. This led to the emancipation of the three kingdoms. The three Kingdoms is a Chinese historical era, which was mainly characterized by disunity. It occurred immediately after the collapse of Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is considered as a significant historical event that has shaped Chinese political and cultural aspects. The first Chinese model explaining the relations hip between an individual and the state was documented by Zhang Taiyan (UCP, 2004). Zhang engineered the nationalism concept. Individuals are supposed to put their nation first (UCP 5). In the film Red Cliff, the main character shows nationalism by fighting to secure a key economic territory for his kingdom. Likewise, the other characters mimic leaders like Lu Su and Lie Bei also fight for their regions’ wellbeing. At that time, each territory was seen as an independent state, so each leader strived to protect his territory. The approach used by Lu SU and Lie Bei in which they formed an allied force to oppose Coa Coa’s rivalry is also highlighted in the film Red Cliff. This is another sign of the Chinese interpretation of nationalism. In addition, the Chinese interpretation with regard to the relationship between man and nature is best explained ecologically. On top of that, the relationship between man and nature is also linked to the Chinese concept of Confucianism. Thus, the respect for humanity is paramount. Since man relies on nature, Chinese believe that nature has to be guarded from harm. These aspects are portrayed in the film Red Cliffs. Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war between rival territories. However, even in the midst of a tough battle, nature is guarded. This is a clear interpretation of the Chinese view with regard to the relationship between man and nature; man and nature are friends.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elley, Derek. The Red Cliff Review. Moviereviews 29 June 2008. Web. McCurry, Justin. â€Å"Chinese epic loses the plot as actors quit  £40m project†. The Guardian 2 April 2007: 1-10. Web. Meng, Peiyuan. Relationship Between Man and Nature in Traditional Human Rights Concepts of China and West. Chinesestudies 4 May 2008. Web. Tang, Ayu. Choice of Kaneshiro as Zhuge Liang criticized. Asiansite 12 March 2007. Web. University of Califonia Press (UCP). The Relationship between the Individual and the People. Chinesestudies 7 May 2004. Web.

Summarizing in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarizing in Accounting - Essay Example The decision making cycle in industrial age was long and time consuming it followed seven steps of hierarchy, starting with user of accounting information, pervasive constraints, user specific qualities, primary decision specific qualities, ingredient of primary quality, secondary and interactive quality and threshold for recognition. Whereas, the information accounting has three steps pervasive constraints, objective and threshold for recognition. Revolution has caused many aspect of the society to change; the change in economy impacts the demand for information. FABS and IASB have combined their basic principle knowledge to redefine the current conceptual framework. The method used to determine fair value is far different calculating the values used in cost allocation. It is believed by successful industrialist that it is important to make changes in the skill sets of organizations in order to have estimates associated with valuation. The focus of the paper is to highlight the causes of changes in the financial accounting principles; the paper has made the theory of Kuhn as their basis because according to his theory it is believed that a revolutionary change results in reconstruction of basic fundamentals. The old paradigm has been in practice over a longer period of time that is why the industry is facing difficulties in shifting to new paradigm; the accounting behavior has added human behavior that interact with accounting paradigm. It is difficult to make such changes but at the same time they have to be made to cope up with the changing environment. The research paper is written by Mark Kohl-beck and Terry Warfield. In the paper they have discussed about the improvement in the US accounting quality, in order to study the same they have undertaken 19 general-purpose accounting principles which have been most popularly used in the last 30 year. The analysis

Us History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Us History - Essay Example ritish forces had won the war but the repercussions of war were never good for the Americans as Sugar Act and various other steps were taken to crush the American natives. Thomas Paine had published pamphlets to stimulate revolt against the British rule due to ongoing situation and in response to the pamphlet Charles Inglis wrote arguments in favor of reconciliation with the Britain. â€Å"Declaring independence by the American was not favorable due to insufficiency of resources and it came up with many challenges. So in short term, reconciliation was the remaining workable option.† According to Charles Inglis (1776), after attainment of independence by the America would create huge economic challenges that it would not be able to meet without British support. Britain would support the American trade because of its widely developed naval force and seamen otherwise American trading ships would be at risk. Reconciliation would also bring peace that could result in demolishing war tax and promotion of trade. Many human lives had been lost and further turmoil would endanger several lives as well, hence peace could serve as the only possible solution (Oakes). During 1760s Jefferson, Hamilton, Paine and many other revolutionists were of view that independence from British rule could give due rights to common people and would cultivate egalitarianism. However Inglis was of view that turmoil and use of force would only be accelerated because of declaration of independence and unrest would never end the claims to vanish slavery. Further it would disunite the people of America and progress would be hindered while distribution of wealth would remain the same as it were in the British rule. Post revolution time revealed the fact that wealth distribution had not been changed as it was claimed by the revolutionists (Lecture Note: Post Revolution). Inglis was also of view that proved right with the passage of time that none of the European nation would like to trade with

Factors Causing Language Speaking Anxiety In Classroom English Language Essay

Factors Causing Language Speaking Anxiety In Classroom English Language Essay In the last few decades, considerable effort has been devoted to recognising the role of anxiety in L2 learning. Such studies (Scovel, 1978; Horwitz, 1986; Spolsky, 1989; Phillips, 1992; Maclntyre Grander, 1994; Baker Maclntyre, 2000; Cheng, 2004) have provided us with useful information about anxiety that has recently acknowledged one of the main barriers that impedes L2 learning (Brown, 2007; Grander, 2001 cited in Pritchard, 2007). According to Abdul Aziz (2005), it is vital to realize the role of anxiety and its affect on the process of language learning since it ranks high among factors that can influence language learning, regardless of whether the setting is formal or informal. So what is meant by anxiety and to what refers language anxiety? What are the reasons that prevent students from participating in language classes and make them resort to silence? What causes their language anxiety? And, from which sources does it stem? Such questions will be answering in this chapter alongside reviewing some previous studies on second/foreign language anxiety. 2.2. Definition of Anxiety The term anxiety in general, has been defined by Scovel (1978, p.134) as a state of apprehension, (and) a vague fear. It is a complicated phenomenon to describe since it arises from various sources. People usually are not able to specify the exact emission of their nervousness and anxiety. However, it is worth mentioning that although there are several studies that have dealt with such an area, Horwitz was the first investigator of foreign language classroom anxiety (Liu, 2006). Horwitz claims that anxiety experienced by L2 learners is unique to the learning process and completely different from other types of anxiety (1986). Language anxiety according to Maclntyer and Gardner (1994, p. 284), is a type of anxiety that can be defined as the feeling of tension and apprehension specifically associated with second language contexts, including listening, speaking and learning. Anxious students usually show some signs of panic such as panic stare, white face (and) cold trembling hands (Ganschow Sparks, 2001, a35). On top of that, Abdul Aziz (2005) adds that those students may suffer from headache, blushing and pounding heart. The anxiety symptoms also could be physiological, for example an upset stomach and numbness, or cognitive symptoms such as preoccupation and worry, or behavioural symptoms such as avoidance (Cheng, 1999). 2.3 The Correlation between Anxiety and L2 Learning Some research into language anxiety has considered it to be an important variable that causes negative effects on students performance in class. They maintain that the higher the level of anxiety, the less the students are willing to communicate (Horwitz, 1986; Maclnttyre Gardner, 1994; Baker Maclntyre, 2000). It also points out that anxiety is an aid in raising the affective filter of the learners, resulting in stress, depression or fear and thus blocks the input from being absorbed and processed (Richards Rodgers, 2001; Abdul Aziz, 2005; Harmer, 2009: 58). It has also been noted that such feelings as mentioned above, are mostly centred around listening and speaking tasks with difficulty in speaking in class being the most common complaint of anxious students (Horwitz, 1986; Spolsky, 1989). However it is not necessary for anxious students who allege that they have a mental block in foreign language classes, to have the same feelings in other situations. The same students might be good learners and strongly motivated in other classes. Where some research has proved that even highly proficient language learners experienced different degrees of anxiety (Horwitz: 1986, p. 125; Brown, 2007: 163). On the other hand, there are theorists who argue to the contrary, who say that there is no correlation between anxiety and low achievement. Aida (1994) for example, who studied Japanese learners, has found a negative relationship between the anxiety experienced by the students and their performance. Other researchers asserted that second language performance and anxiety are positively related (e.g., Kleinmann, 1977; Spolsky, 1989), especially facilitative anxiety that is closely related to competitiveness which is considered to be key to successful learning (Brown, 2007: 162). However, such facilitation has only been found when using very simple grammatical structures (and) in all other cases, anxiety has been a debilitating factor in language acquisition (Duxbury Tsai, 2010). With regard to the relationship between anxiety and L2 learning, it is still under debate whether it is the cause or the product of learners low performance, or whether it harms or helps their performance. Is it a negative or a positive factor? Can teachers avoid or ameliorate anxiety in foreign language classes? (Brown, 2007: 163). To date, the research in this segment has not yielded any consistent findings (Matsuda, 2004). The studies surrounding this phenomenon are still under developed and attempts to better clarify it are still being carried out (Bailey, 2000). From the previous discussion, it can be seen that the correlation between anxiety and performance may not be a simple linear one; some factors (e.g., culture and learners proficiency) could also play a part (Na, Z., 2007). 2.4 What Factors Could Boost Language Anxiety? Horwitz et al. (1986) has pointed out some related causal factors for second language anxiety which can be summarised by: (1) communication apprehension, which is a type of shyness characterised by fear or anxiety about communication with people, (2) fear of negative evaluation and (3) test-anxiety. The example of I am usually at ease during tests in my class language (Woodrow, 2006) clarifies test-anxiety. There are other factors associated with the learners themselves and the environment of their language classes. Such factors are: self perception, learners beliefs about language learning, and the instructors beliefs about language teaching and classroom procedure (Tanveer, 2007). Other factors include age, gender, motivation and lack of confidence (Horwitz, 1986; Sparks Ganschow, 1991; Baker Maclntyre, 2000; Ohata, 2005). All of the things mentioned above, and many other factors contribute to existing L2 anxiety.